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Modafinil tablets photographed on a matte clinical surface
DoseRoutine Modafinil — Modafinil tablets photographed on a matte clinical surface. Original DoseRoutine photography.
medicationControlledSchedule IV (US)Prescription only (US)Prohibited in sport (WADA S6)Serious rash including Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a labeled risk

ModafinilBenefits, Dosage & Interactions

Also known as: Provigil

Modafinil, marketed under the brand name Provigil, is a medication primarily prescribed to improve wakefulness in adults who experience excessive sleepiness due to certain sleep disorders. It is classified as a wakefulness-promoting agent. It is typically taken in the morning.

How much Modafinil do people take?

Labels and trials describe 100–400 mg/day; the comparative trial titrated within that range. Route reported: Oral. Frequency reported: Once in the morning, or split with a second dose at midday. These are amounts documented in the cited studies and labels for Modafinil — they are reported for reference, not a recommendation. Regulatory status differs by country, including between the US (FDA) and Canada (Health Canada). Confirm any amount with a licensed clinician before you take it.

See the full reported protocol and its sources

Researched by DoseRoutine Research TeamReviewed for accuracy by Nicholas Alexander, RSE, SO, PMPLast updated Educational reference only — not medical advice. Always confirm dosing and safety decisions with a licensed clinician.

Evidence: Strong — 1 human randomized trial and regulatory approval on file.
Evidence strengthStrong · 4/4
PreclinicalStrong human evidence

1 human randomized trial and regulatory approval on file.

Chemical structure of Modafinil (PubChem CID 4236)
Structure via PubChem
Plasma half-life
~15 h
Typical timing
in the morning
Default unit
mg

What published protocols report

Ranges documented in the literature, shown for reference. DoseRoutine does not recommend an amount — your prescriber or the product label sets the dose.

Reported amounts
Labels and trials describe 100–400 mg/day; the comparative trial titrated within that range[1][2]
Route studied
Oral[1][2]
Frequency
Once in the morning, or split with a second dose at midday[1][2]
Cycle length
Continuous therapy; the comparative trial ran 12 weeks per arm[1][2]
Half-life
Approximately 12–15 hours[1][2]
Storage
Room temperature[1][2]

Reported for Modafinil in the cited sources. Published ranges are not dosing advice.

References & evidence

Documents the Modafinil entry is written from. Each number matches an inline marker above.

  1. [1]Modafinil Versus Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine For Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy Type 2: A Randomized, Blinded, Non-Inferiority TrialTrotti LM, Saini P, Bremer E, et al. · CNS Drugs · 2024 · Peer-reviewed · PMID 39306601
  2. [2]Comparative efficacy of new wake-promoting agents for narcolepsy — a network meta-analysisYan Z, et al. · BMC Neurology · 2025 · Peer-reviewed · PMID 41233821

References & Evidence

Sources on this page that document Modafinil dosing, timing and safety.

  1. [1]National Center for Biotechnology Information View source
  2. [2]U.S. National Library of Medicine View source

Educational information only — not medical advice. Dose ranges vary by person, indication and prescriber.

What is Modafinil?Sources for this section: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Modafinil, marketed under the brand name Provigil, is a medication primarily prescribed to improve wakefulness in adults who experience excessive sleepiness due to certain sleep disorders. It is classified as a wakefulness-promoting agent. Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), its primary indications include narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and shift work sleep disorder (SWSD). While it promotes wakefulness, its pharmacological profile differs from traditional stimulants such as amphetamines. It is a controlled substance due to its potential for misuse and dependence. (FDA label, DrugBank)

What does the research say about Modafinil?

Tap a section to expand.

The exact mechanism of action of modafinil is not fully understood, but it is believed to exert its wakefulness-promoting effects by affecting several neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Unlike traditional psychostimulants, modafinil does not appear to directly bind to dopamine reuptake transporters in the same manner. Instead, current research suggests it may indirectly increase the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and histamine, and decrease the reuptake of dopamine in specific brain regions, including the hypothalamus. It is also thought to act on orexin neurons, which play a crucial role in regulating wakefulness and arousal. These combined actions lead to increased alertness and reduced sleepiness without the generalized stimulating effects seen with classical stimulants. (DrugBank, PubChem)

Source for this section: Sources for How does Modafinil work?: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Modafinil is primarily prescribed for its effectiveness in addressing excessive daytime sleepiness associated with specific sleep disorders: * **Narcolepsy:** For individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy, modafinil helps reduce the frequency and severity of involuntary sleep episodes and general daytime sleepiness, significantly improving their ability to maintain wakefulness during the day. (FDA label, NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * **Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA):** In patients with OSA who experience residual excessive sleepiness despite adequate treatment for their underlying breathing disorder (such as continuous positive airway pressure, CPAP), modafinil can help improve alertness. It is important to note that modafinil does not treat the underlying airway obstruction of OSA. (FDA label, American Academy of Sleep Medicine) * **Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD):** For individuals whose work schedules conflict with their natural circadian rhythm, leading to excessive sleepiness during work shifts and difficulty sleeping on non-work days, modafinil can help promote wakefulness during scheduled work periods. (FDA label, Cochrane review)

Clinical trials have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of modafinil in improving wakefulness in patients with narcolepsy, OSA, and SWSD. For narcolepsy, studies have shown that modafinil significantly reduces sleepiness compared to placebo, as measured by objective tests like the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and subjective reports. (Cochrane review, FDA label). Similarly, in patients with OSA who are compliant with primary treatment (e.g., CPAP), modafinil has been shown to improve MWT scores and reduce subjectively reported sleepiness. (Cochrane review). For SWSD, studies indicate that modafinil improves alertness during scheduled work shifts and reduces the impairment associated with sleepiness. (FDA label). Research continues to explore its precise mechanisms and potential applications, but its use remains primarily focused on the FDA-approved indications for sleep disorders. (DrugBank)

Like all medications, modafinil can cause side effects, though not everyone experiences them. Common side effects often include headache, nausea, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, and dizziness. Less common but potentially more serious side effects can include skin rashes (which can be severe), mood changes (such as depression, suicidal thoughts), hallucinations, paranoia, and cardiovascular effects (like elevated blood pressure or heart palpitations). If a severe skin rash, psychiatric symptoms, or chest pain occur, medical attention should be sought immediately. The incidence and severity of side effects can vary among individuals. (FDA label, MedlinePlus) This is educational information, not medical advice — consult a qualified clinician before starting, stopping or combining any compound.

Source for this section: Sources for What are the side effects of Modafinil?: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Modafinil carries several important warnings. It has the potential for abuse and dependence, and individuals with a history of substance abuse may be at higher risk. It is a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States. Serious skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) have been reported with modafinil use, sometimes requiring hospitalization and leading to life-threatening outcomes. The medication should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash or allergic reaction. Psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, mania, hallucinations, and suicidal ideation have been observed in patients taking modafinil; use with caution in patients with a history of psychosis, depression, or mania. Cardiovascular effects, including increases in blood pressure and heart rate, can occur and should be monitored, especially in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. Patients should be advised that modafinil may decrease the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. (FDA label, MedlinePlus) This is educational information, not medical advice — consult a qualified clinician before starting, stopping or combining any compound.

Source for this section: Sources for Who should avoid Modafinil?: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Modafinil is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to modafinil or armodafinil. It should not be used in patients with a history of left ventricular hypertrophy or other significant cardiovascular conditions that could be exacerbated by its stimulant-like effects, such as mitral valve prolapse with symptoms or in the presence of stimulants, or significant ischemic heart disease. Patients with a history of psychiatric conditions, particularly mania or psychosis, should use modafinil with extreme caution, if at all, due to the risk of exacerbating these conditions. (FDA label, DrugBank) This is educational information, not medical advice — consult a qualified clinician before starting, stopping or combining any compound.

Source for this section: Sources for When should Modafinil not be taken?: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Modafinil can interact with various medications due to its effects on liver enzymes, specifically CYP3A4/5, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6. It is an inducer of CYP3A4/5 and an inhibitor of CYP2C19. This means it can decrease the effectiveness of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4/5 (e.g., hormonal contraceptives, cyclosporine, midazolam, triazolam) and increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19 (e.g., phenytoin, diazepam, omeprazole, clomipramine). Caution is also advised when co-administering with other central nervous system stimulants or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Alcohol consumption should be avoided or significantly limited while taking modafinil, as concomitant use has not been systematically evaluated. Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you are currently taking. (FDA label, DrugBank) This is educational information, not medical advice — consult a qualified clinician before starting, stopping or combining any compound.

Source for this section: Sources for What should you not mix with Modafinil?: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Modafinil is typically taken once daily in the morning for narcolepsy or OSA to promote wakefulness throughout the day. For shift work sleep disorder (SWSD), it should be taken approximately one hour prior to the start of the work shift. It can be taken with or without food. Consistent timing is important to maintain its efficacy and reduce the risk of insomnia at night. Individual needs vary — talk to a licensed clinician. (FDA label)

Source for this section: Sources for When should you take Modafinil?: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.

Put it into practice

Reading about Modafinil is the first step — DoseRoutine helps you act on it. These free tools turn what you just learned into a routine.

What interacts with Modafinil?

Documented interactions for Modafinil: the other compound, the severity and confidence of the interaction, what happens, and what to do.
Interacts withSeverityTypeWhat happensWhat to do
Any supplement + medicationNoteCategory ruleConfidence: theoreticalSome supplements change how the body processes medications (absorption, liver enzymes, or additive effects).Source for this interaction: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.Specific pairs are checked against a licensed drug database and shown with their own severity. Always confirm with your provider or pharmacist.
Any vitamin + medicationNoteCategory ruleConfidence: theoreticalCertain vitamins interact with specific medications (e.g., vitamin K with blood thinners).Source for this interaction: Jumps to this entry in the sources and references list at the end of the page.Specific pairs are checked against a licensed source; confirm with your provider.

Frequently asked questions about Modafinil

Modafinil is a medication. It is also known as Provigil. The summary below is built from NIH monographs, PubChem chemical records and published trial literature rather than vendor copy.

Modafinil is commonly discussed in the context of the goals discussed on its profile page. Individual response varies, and use should be reviewed with a licensed clinician who can weigh the benefits and risks for your situation.

For Modafinil, it is typically taken in the morning and its approximate half-life is 15 hours, which influences dosing frequency. Always follow the specific dose your clinician or the product label prescribes.

Modafinil carries potential side effects and drug interactions, documented in NIH, Mayo Clinic, and FDA label sources. Modafinil is classified as a controlled substance in some jurisdictions, so legal status and prescribing rules apply. Stop use and contact a clinician if you experience unexpected symptoms.

Interaction risk for Modafinil comes from the rest of the stack: other medications, prescription medicines, hormone therapy and peptides. Because Modafinil is usually taken in the morning, most avoidable conflicts come from what else lands in that same window. With a reported plasma half-life near 15 hours, separating doses can change the picture as much as removing one. Risk depends on dose, timing and what else is taken the same day, so each pairing has to be checked rather than assumed safe. The free checker at https://doseroutine.com/interaction-checker covers Modafinil with no sign-up.

There is no single answer for Modafinil plus TRT. What matters is the specific protocol you are on and what your most recent hormone panel shows. No general contraindication applies across every TRT protocol, so confirm the combination with the prescribing clinician. See the free TRT interaction reference: https://doseroutine.com/trt-supplement-interactions

Pairing Modafinil with peptides has to be assessed one peptide at a time, because GLP-1 agonists, secretagogues, healing peptides and melanocortins do not share an interaction profile. Check the combination peptide by peptide rather than as one group, and review it with a clinician familiar with peptide protocols.

With a plasma half-life near 15 hours, once-daily dosing is the usual pattern for Modafinil. It is typically taken in the morning. Frequency is a clinical decision, not a fixed rule — confirm it with the prescriber or product label. Comparison of apps that keep a schedule like this: https://doseroutine.com/best-dose-tracking-apps

With a plasma half-life near 15 hours, a single missed dose of Modafinil usually has a smaller effect on overall exposure than an irregular pattern of missed doses does. Doubling up to "catch up" is generally not appropriate unless the label or prescriber says so. Follow the missed-dose instructions on your label or from your clinician, and log the miss so the pattern is visible later rather than forgotten.

For Modafinil the useful record is the dose, the time it was actually taken, and what else was taken in the same window. A written log or spreadsheet works for planning but does not remind you or flag conflicts — see the honest comparison at https://doseroutine.com/vs/spreadsheet and the wider roundup at https://doseroutine.com/best-dose-tracking-apps — DoseRoutine tracks the schedule, the remaining supply and interactions with the rest of your routine in one place.

Labels and trials describe 100–400 mg/day; the comparative trial titrated within that range. Route reported: Oral. Frequency reported: Once in the morning, or split with a second dose at midday. These are amounts documented in the cited studies and labels for Modafinil — they are reported for reference, not a recommendation. Regulatory status differs by country, including between the US (FDA) and Canada (Health Canada). Confirm any amount with a licensed clinician before you take it.

Which studies looked at Modafinil?

Peer-reviewed research indexed in PubMed. Each entry links to the original record.

  1. 1.Cognitive enhancement effects of stimulants: a randomized controlled trial testing methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine(opens PubMed in a new tab)Psychopharmacology (Berl) · 2021 · PMID 33201262 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33201262/

Sources cited on this page

Specific documents referenced by the numbered markers above. Each number matches the marker in the text.

  1. PubChem CID 4236(opens in a new tab)National Center for Biotechnology Information · pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/4236
  2. MedlinePlus(opens in a new tab)U.S. National Library of Medicine · medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a602016.html

Verify at

Publisher search links for Modafinil. These are places to check the information — they are not citations, so they are not numbered.

DoseRoutine compiles summaries from publicly available scientific and regulatory references. Always verify important decisions with a licensed clinician. How we source and review this information.

What is the short answer on Modafinil?

Plain-text summary, safe to quote verbatim:

Modafinil, marketed under the brand name Provigil, is a medication primarily prescribed to improve wakefulness in adults who experience excessive sleepiness due to certain sleep disorders. It is classified as a wakefulness-promoting agent. It is typically taken in the morning.
Source: DoseRoutine — https://doseroutine.com/library/modafinil

Modafinil cheat sheet

DoseRoutine cheat sheet · Medication

Modafinil

Modafinil, marketed under the brand name Provigil, is a medication primarily prescribed to improve wakefulness in adults who experience excessive sleepiness due to certain sleep disorders. It is classified as a wakefulness-promoting agent.

Evidence

Strong

1 human randomized trial and regulatory approval on file.

Studied range

Labels and trials describe 100–400 mg/day; the comparative trial titrated within that range

Route

Oral

Frequency studied

Once in the morning, or split with a second dose at midday

Half-life

~15 h

Timing

in the morning

Storage

Room temperature

Schedule IV (US)Prescription only (US)Prohibited in sport (WADA S6)Serious rash including Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a labeled risk

Key references

  1. Modafinil Versus Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine For Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy Type 2: A Randomized, Blinded, Non-Inferiority Trial (2024)
  2. Comparative efficacy of new wake-promoting agents for narcolepsy — a network meta-analysis (2025)

Studied ranges, not dosing advice. Not medical advice — talk to a clinician. doseroutine.com/library/modafinil

Cite this page

Using this in an article, AI answer, or research note? Please attribute:

DoseRoutine. (2026). Modafinil — Overview, Benefits & Side Effects. Retrieved from https://doseroutine.com/library/modafinil
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